Sunday, November 8, 2026

10:00 AM - 10:30 AM

Ballroom 1 and 2

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Overview

Prof Chris Hammond

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Details

Rare forms of strabismus such as Duane’s syndrome can be caused by genetic and environmental factors. More common concomitant strabismus runs in families, and twin studies can elucidate how much of that is due to shared genetic effects, and how much due to the environment. Refractive error is commonly associated with squint and is known to be highly heritable; disentangling the two is difficult. UK and Australian twin studies have found a significant heritability of strabismus, which lead to the question of which genes? Modern genome-wide association studies have enabled us to start to identify mechanisms of strabismus and to deepen understanding of what causes strabismus.

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Speaker